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x x SMUG BYTES x Volume 7, Number 10 * October 1990 * * Subscriptions = $10.00 per year * or free with swap. Send to: * * SINCLAIR MILWAUKEE USERS GROUP * P.O. Box 101, Butler WI 53007 * Fe ce ce Se ee ee ee ee See ee ee lem es ee as ne a a ee aes See Ss ae ee Sane ne ss ne oe es * * THIS MONTH: d“ ar - The Limits Of Computer a Intelligence-Dr. L. Dreger x - Meeting Notes x x - Presidents Program x * — Other Computers x X - And Other Great Things x x If any articles are copied x please credit SMUG BYTES x

and the author.

* NEXT MEETING DATE: 11/07/90

Send all contributions by the 3rd Wednesday of the month to:

Bill Heberlein

Editor

SMUG BYTES

5@52 N. 9ist Street Milwaukee WI 53225-4129

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1990 OFFICERS & WORKING MEMBERS

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All Area Codes Are 414 *President — Bill Heberlein

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October 1990

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(NOTE NEITHER ANY AUTHOR OR SMUG BYTES TAKES ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY HARDWARE MODIFICATIONS TO YOUR EQUIPMENT.

The Limits Of Computer Intelligence If by Dr. Lloyd Dreger

Editors note: This is the talk Dr. recoginze the symbols as Chinese or 4 Dreger gave at the ‘90 Expo. Also least Oriental and have the clue that because of the length of the article one is dealing with a language. In the it will run in the next four issues of nonsense symbol room the human first SMUG Bytes. This is the 2nd part. has to decide if he is playing chess, doing math or talking a language The Chinese room. Searle puts a human before he can come to grips with who only understands English and trying to learn the meaning of a

doesn't understand Chinese into a room symbol. The human in the Chinese room with two baskets of Chinese symbols just might eventually learn the (data base) and an English rule book meanings of at least some of the (algorithm). Through the mail slot symbols. In the nonsense symbol room come strings of Chinese symbols (input the probability is much lower that the data). Using the rule book the human human will ever understand. The human

sends back a new string of symbols always is asking the question of "What (output). A Chinese expert applies the am I doing?" and may just make a lucky Turing rule to the output. Can the guess. Computers never question what human ever learn Chinese? Notice that they are doing--no inquisitiveness.

it is "strings of symbols" and not

questions. An improvement would be to While we are at it, we dismiss use a nonsense symbol room-—-the human Churchland's counter argument of the has one big big hint the computer light room as suffering froma fatal doesn't have. Even if one didn't know omission which any good scientist

Chinese it would be difficult not to should be able to spot. Continued Deena ai aoe ee > a4 For Not-So-New < > BYTES < > Computers < > < > < »~* SAVE THE HASSLE. have 2nd BYTES sell your < > " unused " computer, peripherals and software. < > - We are in the Business to sell your computer. < > < >* SAVE MONEY. buy your computer, peripheral and < > software at 2nd BYTES. < > < ”>* SAVE TIME. have our professional consultants < > assist you in finding the computer and the programs < > for your needs. < > - We are in the business to help you select an inexpensive < > system. < > < >* WARRANTY. on almost all equipment we sell. < > - We service what we sell. < > < > < > F74-1155 < > < > 9721 W. Greenfield Avenue West Allis WI 53214 < f b} s < Ww > <

October 1990 2 SMUG Bytes

PRESIDENTS PROGRAM Well it seems three of our members are now proud? owners of IBM clones. I ‘hope they don't forget their roots. I must say I am one of those with an IBM clone. The three of us are using the (%mputers in conjunction with our work “and still use the Sinclair. In fact this is written on the QL.

Up comming events: Sat. Nov 1@. Serb Hall. 51st & Oklahoma $4 at the door. Sat Jan. 12. Waukesha County Expo. $3 at the door.

GIGO Or In OtNnerwords The Meeting

Our Treasurer reported on the shape of SMUG. It appears we are well and will remain so for a while. Dick also is setting up modem classes for the November meeting. Show up and learn or help teach. Our Secretary is still taking orders for the SMUG cup. See Bud if you have not ordered yours. We seem to be having fewer members attending the meetings. Is it something I said? Well show up at the November meeting. If you have an idea that you wish to share we'll listen.

AI Continued tere are no limits set on the “required frequencies needed to achieve light from an oscillating electro magnetic field. With the necessary limits in place one can't reach the conclusions Churchland does.

Proposition 3. Syntax can not by itself create semantics. If this statement is true computers won't ever think, comprehend or understand. The advocates of Al strongly disagree with this statement. Let*'s look at the evidence.

We can feed the whole unabridged dictionary into the computer. It can spout back the definition of a word to us but it is merely giving us those meaningless symbols we gave it. The computer does not understand or comprehend.

Can syntax create meaning? Bell Labs

has been working on a voice typewriter

hor the physically impaired. One

\voblem with the English language is

homonyms--words pronounced the same

but spelled differently. One example SMUG Bytes

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October 1990

is two, to and too. The Bell Labs scientist have found that they can get it right 97% of the time if they look at the next 7 words. Problems arise with short statements. 3 to 5 can be a score, 3-2-5, 3, 4 and 5 or 3:00 to 5:00 (time). The human mind sometimes has trouble as well in deciding in just 3 words but if the article is talking about a particular subject always gets it right as it looks quite a ways backward and forward. But note,

only in the case of 3-2-5 is the word spelled differently. The computer doesn't need any comprehension of the meaning of the statement to get the

right spelling. Take a look at 3:00 to 5:00. Numbers can have different meanings in content although writing 3 to 5 is acceptable grammatically. Thus getting the spelling right & knowing

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the meaning are two different things. That 97% drops to @% for cognition. Word meanings are strongly dependent upon context.

How do computers do on translation from one language to another? They do word for word translations while watching for idiomatic expressions and then do syntactical rearrangement of word orders. Translation into English, the language with more words and meanings of words in it than any other

living or dead) language, fail

miserably as an erudite translation and sometimes even fail to give the correct meanings. Translations of poetry is even worse with all its Similes, metaphors etc. to contend with. The language translated into

usually has no exact counterpart for a foreign simile or metaphor while word to word translation are inadequate.

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The words ina thesarus are similiar but not quite identical in meanings and even humans have to be careful in ™®i ch word they use as a substitute nok the translators at the United Nations how hard their job is.

Some limits of algorithms: Penrose points out that it has been rigorously proven that:

universal and all

1. There will never be a algorithm to solve any mathematical problems.

2. Not all mathematical problems are solvable by algorithms.

3. Godel's Theorem: Any precise system of axioms and rules always contains some truths or statements that are not provable or disprovable using only the system axioms, rules & theorems derived within the system.

Sciences", where everything is logic, calculations and more or less black or

white, then its even more true in any other field where things are not as logical, calculable or black and white. Computer algorithms and

computers are a branch of mathematics. This implies that there are definate limits to what can be done on a computer unless somehow a computer and its algorithm transcend mathematics. That ais not possible with a digital computer as everything in a digital computer is done mathematically.

Are minds strictly computers or do they contain or do something more? Specifically, something that can't be

done with an algorithm. Some things that seem quite far removed from mathematics are amenable to

algorithmic solutions. It is the hope of AI that words can be processed into cognition with a comp lex enough algorithm. To define cognition:

If these things are true of knowledge in its broadest sense

mathematics, the "Queen of the

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5 October 1990

including comprehension, perception, vocal chords

memory , judgement, understanding, human speech. Not only can the implications, etc.; total awareness. sign intellegently but it taught Penrose uses the word conscious which signs to its offspring. When

not only includes cognition but also offspring died,

the mother

necessary for mimiced’

ape the.

Shad

the ability to think and other together a series of signs that it had attributes such as inquisitiveness, never been taught that said it was aesthetics initiative, intuition, sad. It did not say it was sick which inspiration, aesthetics, insight, also was a sign it knew. Many species attentiveness, etc. Whether ore not of animals talk to each other in a all these are necessary for thinking language all their own be it very is debatable. rudimentary compared to human

standards. Cognition is a biological

Don't think that man 1S unique in the phenomenon of brains.

ability to comprehend, other animals imply that all brains comprehend.

also have at least some. A recent experiment has taught a primate how to Sign language since apes lack the

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October 1990 6

SMUG Bytes

This should not

ATTENTION

Starting with the November issue SMUG

Bytes will become bimonthly. In other words 2 months combined.

‘neir are two reasons for this and they are:

1. Lack of material and news. With the Sinclair community shrinking and less and less hardware, software, gossip & general information appearing on the horizon I just can't fill the pages

necessary to print a monthly magazine.

AND YOU THOUGHT

A letter written to explain the details shown in an accident report.

Dear Sirs:

I am writing in response request for more information. In block 3 of the accident report form I put “trying to do the job alone", as the cause of the accident. You said I must explain more fully. I trust that the Amllowing details will be sufficient. (I'm a sprinkler fitter by trade. Cn the day of the accident, I was working alone on the roof of a new six story building. When I completed my work, I discovered’ that I had about 50@ lbs of material left over. Rather than carry “the materials down by hand, I decided to lower them ina barrel by using a pulley which fortunately was attached, outside the building, at level 6.

Securing the rope at ground level, I went up to the roof, swung the barrel out and loaded the material into it. Then, I went back to the ground and untied the rope, holding it

to your

tightly to insure a slow descent of the 500 lbs. of material. You will note in block 11 of the accident

report that I weigh 135 lbs.

Due to my surprise of being jerked off the ground so suddenly, I lost presence of mind and forgot to let go of the rope. Needless to say, I went at a rather rapid rate up the side of the building.

@M In the vicinity of the third floor, “met the barrel comming down. This SMUG Bytes

— NEW POLICY

‘tightly to the rope

the barrel

ATTENTION

2. I am getting tired of meeting the monthly deadline. I have been doing it since September of 84 and it isn't the fun it used to be. Quite a few people have written articles to help fill the pages in the past, but they have been dropping off. One other trend I have noted is that most of the other news letters have gone to this format or even quarterly. So to keep us up with the trend I am dropping back & punting

in hopes of still putting out a good newsletter. If anyone is upset with the new format write me with your reasons. I can change back.

YOU HAD A BAD DAY.

explains the fractured skull & broken collarbone. Slowed only slightly, I continued

my rapid ascent, not stopping until the fingers of my right hand were two knuckles deep into the pulley.

Fortunately, by now I regained my presence of mind and was able to hold in spite of my pain.

At about the same time, however, of materials hit the ground and the bottom fell out of the barrel. Devoid of the weight the barrel now weighed approximately 5@ pounds.

I refer you to my weight in block 11. AS you might imagine. I began a rapid descent along the side of the building.

In the vicinity of the third floor, I met the barrel comming up. This caused two fractured ankles and the lacerations of my legs and lower body.

The encounter with the barrel slowed me enough to lessen my injuries when I fell onto the pile of materials and, fortunately, only three vertebrae were cracked.

I am sorry to report, however, that as I lay there on the materials -in pain, unable to stand and watching the empty barrel six stories above me, I again lost my presence of mind —

I LET GO OF THE ROPE.

7 October 199@

The Sinclair Milwaukee Users Group l SMUG )

We are a not-for-profit group devoted Newsletter subscription is available 3

to serving the interests of those who for only $10 per year to non members

own, use, and/or are interested in the or free with. a club membership. A clu; i

Timex/Sinclair family of computers. membership is $20 per year for w family membership.

Editor and contact person is:

Bill Heberlein (414) 527 2191. Advertising cost for 1/2 page ad runing for six months is $10. The ad

SMUG maintains a gratis exchange of copy may be changed each month but you

newsletters with approximately 3@ must supply the copy.

Users Groups across the U.S. and

Canada. Clubs not sending newsletters

for more than 6 months are removed

from our mailing list.

SMUG BYTES FIRST CLASS MAIL v 5052 N. 91st Street — Milwaukee WI 53225-4129 Address Correction Requested

NITE-TIMES NEWS CATUG Newsletter 613 Parkside Circle

Streamwood , IL 60107

The next meeting of SMUG will be held on: Wednesday, November 7,1999

6:00 Set Up

6:30 MODEM training using the QL Location: 7:30 Business Meeting Equitable Savings and Loan, 8:30 Who Can Show What They'r Doing 145th and Capital Drive, 9:00 MODEM continued Milwaukee 10:30 Clean Up

October 1990 8 SMUG Bytes